Evaluation of pediatric patients with COVID-19 in a Turkish university hospital.

Background: Although COVID-19 has a milder course in pediatric patients than in adults, it can have a severe and fatal course in children with an underlying disease (UD). Aims: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics, treatment methods, and prognosis of pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Patients and Methods: The files of patients aged 0-18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 were retrospectively evaluated. Clinically and radiologically suspicious cases were accepted as confirmed cases if SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity was found in nasopharyngeal swab samples. The severity of the disease was defined as asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe according to clinical, laboratory, and radiological features. Results: A total of 322 pediatric patients, 51.2% male and 48.8% female, were included in the study. The median age of the patients was 12.08 years (1 month-18 years). Of the 322 patients, 81 (25.1%) were asymptomatic. Disease severity was as follows: 218 were (67.7%) mild, 14 were (4.3%) moderate, and 9 (2.7%) were severe. 35.7% of the patients were hospitalized. Six percent were admitted to the intensive care unit, and three (0.93%) patients died. The mortality rate in patients with the UD was 3.3%. Conclusion: In our study, we determined that the disease had a more severe course in patients with initial procalcitonin, D-dimer, troponin increase, and thrombocytopenia. Although COVID-19 has a mild course in children, this is unfortunately not true for children with an UD.

Comparison of plasma and salivary meteorin-like protein levels in patients with newly diagnosed Type-2 diabetes and treated with metformin.

OBJECTIVE: The present study compares the plasma and salivary Metrnl levels of patients newly diagnosed with type-2 diabetes who were treated with metformin for three months with those of a healthy volunteer group and immunohistochemically analyzes Metrnl in salivary glands. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 30 healthy volunteers and 30 newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes patients were included in the study. The newly diagnosed diabetes patients were treated with metformin for three months, and the plasma and salivary metformin levels of both groups were measured at baseline and after the three months of metformin treatment in the patient group. Plasma HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and Triglyceride (TG) values of all groups were also measured at baseline following three months of metformin treatment. Biopsies were taken from the parotid and submandibular glands and immunohistochemical staining was performed to show Metrnl immunoreactivity. RESULTS: Plasma Metrnl, HbA1c, LDL-C and TG levels were higher in the newly diagnosed diabetes group than in the other group, and salivary Metrnl levels were higher than in the control group after three months of metrformin treatment. An examination of the immunohistochemical staining of salivary gland biopsies under light microscope revealed Metrnl immunoreactivity in the intralobular and interlobular ducts of the parotid gland, while Metrnl immunoreactivity was observed in the acinar cells in the intralobular striated duct and interlobular ducts in the submandibular gland. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma Metrnl, HbA1c, LDL-C and TG levels were higher in the newly diagnosed diabetes group than in the other group. Metrnl immunoreactivity was detected in the parotid and submandibular glands. The relationship between Metrnl and DM should be investigated in larger groups.

Clinical and demographic features of hidradenitis suppurativa: a multicentre study of 1221 patients with an analysis of risk factors associated with disease severity.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing and debilitating inflammatory disease associated with profound morbidity. AIM: In this multicentre study, we investigated the demographic and clinical features of HS, and determined risk factors of disease severity. METHODS: In total, 1221 patients diagnosed with HS from 29 centres were enrolled, and the medical records of each patient were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean age of disease onset was 26.2 ± 10.4 years, and almost 70% (n = 849) of patients were current or former smokers. Mean disease duration was 8.9 ± 8.4 years with a delay in diagnosis of 5.8 ± 3.91 years. Just over a fifth (21%; n = 256) of patients had a family history of HS. The axillary, genital and neck regions were more frequently affected in men than in women, and the inframammary region was more frequently affected in women than in men (P < 0.05 for all). Acne (40.8%), pilonidal sinus (23.6%) and diabetes mellitus (12.6%) were the most prevalent associated diseases. Of the various therapies used, antibiotics (76.4%) were most common followed by retinoids (41.7%), surgical interventions (32.0%) and biologic agents (15.4%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the most important determinants of disease severity were male sex (OR = 2.21) and involvement of the genitals (OR = 3.39) and inguinal region (OR = 2.25). More severe disease was associated with comorbidity, longer disease duration, longer diagnosis delay and a higher number of smoking pack-years. CONCLUSIONS: Our nationwide cohort study found demographic and clinical variation in HS, which may help broaden the understanding of HS and factors associated with disease severity.

ASSESSMENT OF SERUM ALARIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the potential relationship between plasma alarin levels and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHOD: We included 154 participants, divided into four groups in a cross-sectional study design. The first group includes patients with T2DM without complications (n=30), the second group patients with T2DM with microvascular complications (T2DM-noC n=32), the third group patients with T2DM with macrovascular complications, T2DM-MV (n=32) and the last group is the healthy control group (n=60). RESULTS: In our study 94 patients were diabetic; 47 females and 47 males. The control group consists of 60 people, 30 women and 30 men. It was found that these had a significant (p>0.05) variation in serum alarin levels among the T2DM (T2DM-noC=3.1±0.7 ng/mL T2DM-mV=2.8±0.4 ng/mL, T2DM-MV= 3.6±0.4 ng/mL) versus control group (15.6±2.6).We failed to find a significant variation of serum alarin levels (p>0.05) between T2DM subgroups. Serum alarin levels were significantly higher among control patients (p<0.05). There was no difference between diabetic sub-groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that serum alarin levels in patients with T2DM are lower than in normal people. Further studies are needed to investigate the possible prognostic value of alarin in clinical practice in T2DM.

Cómo es de importante el momento de la ablación con radioyodo en los carcinomas diferenciados de tiroides: la experiencia de un centro de referencia / How important is the timing of radioiodine ablation in differentiated thyroidal carcinomas: a referral centre experience

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es difícil adoptar un enfoque científico basado en la evidencia con respecto al intervalo de aplicación de la ablación de restos con yodo radiactivo (RRA) en pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (DTC). El objetivo principal del estudio fue revelar si el intérvalo de aplicación de la RRA está relacionado con la obtención de una respuesta no estructuralmente incompleta (no SIR) en pacientes de bajo/intermedio y alto riesgo. Otro objetivo era revelar la correlación entre el plazo de aplicación y el estado no SIR en las mujeres en edad reproductiva. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron retrospectivamente los registros de 279 pacientes de bajo, intermedio y alto riesgo. El «intérvalo de aplicación» se refiere al número de días entre la cirugía y la RRA. Las pacientes de bajo/intermedio riesgo, las pacientes de alto riesgo y las mujeres en edad reproductiva de bajo/intermedio riesgo se dividieron en grupos SIR y no SIR, de acuerdo con las guías de 2015 de la Asociación Americana de Tiroides para la respuesta terapéutica. Se analizó estadísticamente la relación entre el intérvalo de aplicación y la respuesta terapéutica. RESULTADOS: No se observó ninguna relación significativa en pacientes con riesgo bajo/intermedio entre el intérvalo de aplicación y la respuesta no SIR, incluidas las mujeres de 18 a 49 años de edad (p > 0,1). Para los pacientes de alto riesgo, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el intérvalo de aplicación y la respuesta no SIR. Según el análisis ROC, se encontró que el valor límite era RRA ≤ 58 días. Se calcularon la sensibilidad, especificidad, cociente de probabilidad positivo y cociente de probabilidad negativo en 83,3%, 70,0%, 2,78 y 0,24, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La RRA debe comenzar dentro de los 58 días después de la cirugía en pacientes con DTC de alto riesgo. De este modo, se puede reducir el riesgo de SIR y el riesgo de mortalidad asociado. Para las mujeres en edad reproductiva con grupos de riesgo bajo/intermedio, se puede planificar el plazo de aplicación de la RRA de acuerdo con los planes que tengan en cuanto al embarazo o la lactancia. Para otros grupos de riesgo bajo/intermedio, se puede proceder con seguridad de acuerdo con la capacidad de la instalación médica y las consideraciones logísticas relacionadas

INTRODUCTION: It's difficult to make a scientific, evidence-based approach about the timing of radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs). Primary aim of the study was to reveal whether timing of RRA relates to achievement of non- structurally incomplete response (non-SIR) in low/intermediate and high-risk patients. Another aim was to reveal the correlation of timing with non-SIR status in reproductive-age women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 279 low, intermediate, and high-risk patients were analysed, retrospectively. Number of days between surgery and RRA is referred to as timing. Low/intermediate-risk patients, high-risk patients, and low/intermediate-risk reproductive-age women were divided into non-SIR and SIR groups, according to 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for therapy response. The relationship between timing and therapy response was analysed statistically. RESULTS: We could not find any significant relationship in patients with low/intermediate risk between timing and non-SIR, including women between 18-49 years of age (p >0.1). For high-risk patients, we found a statistically significant relationship between timing and non-SIR response. According to ROC analysis, RRA ≤58 days was found as a cut-off value. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were calculated as 83.3%, 70.0%, 2.78, and 0.24, respectively. CONCLUSION: RRA must be initiated within 58 days after surgery in patients with high-risk DTCs. Under this approach, risk of SIR and associated mortality risk may be reduced. RRA timing for women in reproductive ages with low/intermediate risk groups may be planned according to their pregnancy/breastfeeding intent. For other low/intermediate risk groups, they can safely proceed according to the capacity of the medical facility and related logistical considerations

How Important is the Timing of Radioiodine Ablation in Differentiated Thyroidal Carcinomas: A Referral Centre Experience. / Cómo es de importante el momento de la ablación con radioyodo en los carcinomas diferenciados de tiroides: la experiencia de un centro de referencia.

INTRODUCTION: It's difficult to make a scientific, evidence-based approach about the timing of radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs). Primary aim of the study was to reveal whether timing of RRA relates to achievement of non- structurally incomplete response (non-SIR) in low/intermediate and high-risk patients. Another aim was to reveal the correlation of timing with non-SIR status in reproductive-age women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 279 low, intermediate, and high-risk patients were analysed, retrospectively. Number of days between surgery and RRA is referred to as timing. Low/intermediate-risk patients, high-risk patients, and low/intermediate-risk reproductive-age women were divided into non-SIR and SIR groups, according to 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for therapy response. The relationship between timing and therapy response was analysed statistically. RESULTS: We could not find any significant relationship in patients with low/intermediate risk between timing and non-SIR, including women between 18-49 years of age (p >0.1). For high-risk patients, we found a statistically significant relationship between timing and non-SIR response. According to ROC analysis, RRA ≤58 days was found as a cut-off value. The sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were calculated as 83.3%, 70.0%, 2.78, and 0.24, respectively. CONCLUSION: RRA must be initiated within 58 days after surgery in patients with high-risk DTCs. Under this approach, risk of SIR and associated mortality risk may be reduced. RRA timing for women in reproductive ages with low/intermediate risk groups may be planned according to their pregnancy/breastfeeding intent. For other low/intermediate risk groups, they can safely proceed according to the capacity of the medical facility and related logistical considerations.

The importance in diagnosing patients with conflicting observational data for post surgery radioiodinated ablation of thyroid remnants.

OBJECTIVE: There is a special group of patients, according to 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines. This group is defined as "the patients with conflicting observational data for post-surgery radioiodine ablation (COD for PSRIA)". For this special group of patients RIA is applied after a thorough reassessment of histopathological, clinical and biochemical features, including thyroglobulin (Tg). However, there is no consensus on what is the suitable cut-off value for the radioiodine ablation (RIA) decision or for therapy prediction. Moreover, is also unclear which Tg parameters should be used for these purposes. If we can determine useful and practical cut-off values for excellent response (ER) and non-structural incomplete response (non-SIR) response categories, this will facilitate our therapy response prediction before RIA and may allow us to categorize the group of "COD for PSRIA" based on a higher risk of recurrence/relapse or disease specific mortality rates according to serum thyroglobulin (Tg). This categorization may also enable us to plan the follow-up frequency of patients more scientifically. Consequently, it may provide the more efficient use of medical facility and healthcare system resources. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two hundred forty-nine patients (out of 577 examined) with "COD for PSRIA" were included in this study. Firstly, patients with indeterminate, biochemical incomplete and structural incomplete responses were considered as the non-ER group and compared to the ER group. Secondly, patients with excellent, indeterminate, and biochemically incomplete responses were considered as the non-SIR group and compared to the SIR group. The data were evaluated by MedCalc Statistical Software version 18.9. RESULTS: The cut-off value for ER patients was calculated as ≤6.57ng/mL. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 67.9%, 75.4%, 55.6% and 83.8%, respectively. The cut-off value for non-SIR patients was calculated as ≤12.7ng/mL. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 78.5%, 91.7%, 35.5% and 98.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: If a patient has ≤6.57ng/mL pre-ablative Tg, follow-up intervals of patients with "COD for PSRIA" may be extended due to lower recurrence/relapse rates. However, if a patient has >12.7ng/mL pre-ablative Tg, these patients should be followed-up more frequently in order to determine SIR earlier. This approach may enable more efficient use of medical facility and healthcare system resources and a more scientific planning of their follow-up treatment. This approach seems to have the potential to contribute significantly to cost-effectiveness.

Effects of experimental left varicocele repair on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions and angiogenesis in rat testis.

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of experimental left varicocele (ELV) repair on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions and angiogenesis in rat testis. ELVs were surgically created in 26 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty days after surgery, ELV repair was performed in 13 of the rats. All rats subsequently underwent orchiectomy 30 days after the last laparotomy. Histology of ELV-repaired testicles was compared to that of the unrepaired (ELV) group. The frequency of positive HIF-1α findings was significantly lower in the ELV-repaired than in the ELV group. The frequency of positive VEGF findings was also lower in the ELV-repaired than in the ELV group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.238). The mean microvessel density in ELV-repair group was significantly lower than that in the ELV group (P = 0.002). Our study demonstrated that ELV repair may protect tissues from hypoxia and hypoxia-related pathophysiologic events, such as angiogenesis, in rat testis.

Oxidative stress parameters in localized scleroderma patients.

Localized scleroderma (LS) (morphea) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease with unknown cause that progresses with sclerosis in the skin and/or subcutaneous tissues. Its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Oxidative stress is suggested to have a role in the pathogenesis of localized scleroderma. We have aimed to determine the relationship of morphea lesions with oxidative stress. The total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), paroxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARES) activity parameters of PON 1 enzyme levels in the serum were investigated in 13 LS patients (generalized and plaque type) and 13 healthy controls. TOC values of the patient group were found higher than the TOC values of the control group (p < 0.01). ARES values of the patient group was found to be higher than the control group (p < 0.0001). OSI was significantly higher in the patient group when compared to the control (p < 0.005). Oxidative stress seems to be effective in the pathogenesis. ARES levels have increased in morphea patients regarding to the oxidative stress and its reduction. Further controlled studies are required in wider series.

DETERMINATION OF VOLUME OVERLOAD BY BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS AND NT-PROBNP IN DIABETIC PRE-DIALYSIS PATIENTS.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic chronic kidney disease has more fatal clinical progresses and this situation can be related to volume overload, which is seen more commonly in diabetic chronic kidney disease patients than in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Therefore, we examined the effect of diabetes mellitus on volume overload in newly diagnosed stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients whose volume overloads were not showing signs of improvement from renal replacement therapy. METHOD: One hundred and five patients (46 diabetic, 59 non-diabetic) with end-stage chronic kidney disease, who had glomerular filtration rate (GFR) under 15 mL/min for at least three months were enrolled in this prospective study. We determined the body volume overload and configuration using a bioimpedance device. NT-proBNP levels were recorded. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic groups according to overhydration (OH, p=0.003), extracellular water (ECW, p=0.045), intracellular water (ICW, p<0.001) and OH/ECW (p=0.003). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between groups in terms of N-terminal Pro-brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP levels, p=0.008). DISCUSSION: We compared diabetic and non-diabetic end-stage chronic kidney disease patients who were not in renal replacement therapy yet. We found more volume overload and extracellular fluid volume in the diabetic group.

Periodic acid-Schiff staining demonstrates fungi in chronic anterior blepharitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the presence of fungi in patients with chronic anterior blepharitis with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of the eyelashes in addition to the conventional methods of fungal cultures and direct microscopy. METHODS: Nineteen patients with chronic anterior blepharitis of seborrheic or mixed seborrheic/staphylococcal type and 11 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were included in this prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study. Blepharitis was diagnosed based on clinical evidence of greasy scales between the cilia, lid margin erythema, conjunctival hyperemia, telangiectasia, thickening, or irregularity of the eyelid margins by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Eyelash samples were obtained by epilation with a sterile forceps and evaluated with PAS staining, fungal cultures, and direct microscopy. RESULTS: We demonstrated fungal elements with PAS staining in 79% of the blepharitis group (hyphae and/or spores) and 18% of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.002). Four patients in the blepharitis group (21%) had positive cultures for fungi. The isolated fungi were Penicillium species (2 cases), Candida species (1 case), and Trichophyton verrucosum (1 case). Direct microscopic examination revealed Demodex mites in 42.1% of the blepharitis group. No culture growth or Demodex mites were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown fungi with PAS staining in the majority of patients with chronic anterior blepharitis. Further controlled studies are necessary to clarify the role of fungi in the etiopathogenesis of blepharitis.

A Review of Isolation Gowns in Healthcare: Fabric and Gown Properties.

The threat of emerging infectious diseases including Ebola hemorrhagic fever, pandemic influenza, avian influenza, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and SARS has highlighted the need for effective personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect healthcare workers (HCWs), patients, and visitors. PPE is a critical component in the hierarchy of controls used to protect HCWs from infectious hazards. HCW PPE may include gowns, respirators, face masks, gloves, eye protection, face shields, and head and shoe coverings. Important research has been conducted in certain areas, such as respirators and protective masks, but studies in other areas, particularly gowns, are scarce. Gowns are identified as the second-most-used piece of PPE, following gloves, in the healthcare setting. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guideline for Isolation Precautions, isolation gowns should be worn to protect HCWs' arms and exposed body areas during procedures and patient-care activities when anticipating contact with clothing, blood, bodily fluids, secretions and excretions. Isolation gowns currently available on the marketplace offer varying resistance to blood and other bodily fluids depending on the type of the material, its impermeability, and wear and tear. While some studies show no benefit of the routine use of isolation gowns, others demonstrate that its use is associated with a reduced infection rate. This paper reviews isolation gowns in healthcare settings, including the fabrics used, gown design and interfaces, as well as critical parameters that affect microorganism and liquid transmission through fabrics.

A Review of Mine Rescue Ensembles for Underground Coal Mining in the United States.

The mining industry is among the top ten industries nationwide with high occupational injury and fatality rates, and mine rescue response may be considered one of the most hazardous activities in mining operations. In the aftermath of an underground mine fire, explosion or water inundation, specially equipped and trained teams have been sent underground to fight fires, rescue entrapped miners, test atmospheric conditions, investigate the causes of the disaster, or recover the dead. Special personal protective ensembles are used by the team members to improve the protection of rescuers against the hazards of mine rescue and recovery. Personal protective ensembles used by mine rescue teams consist of helmet, cap lamp, hood, gloves, protective clothing, boots, kneepads, facemask, breathing apparatus, belt, and suspenders. While improved technology such as wireless warning and communication systems, lifeline pulleys, and lighted vests have been developed for mine rescuers over the last 100 years, recent research in this area of personal protective ensembles has been minimal due to the trending of reduced exposure of rescue workers. In recent years, the exposure of mine rescue teams to hazardous situations has been changing. However, it is vital that members of the teams have the capability and proper protection to immediately respond to a wide range of hazardous situations. Currently, there are no minimum requirements, best practice documents, or nationally recognized consensus standards for protective clothing used by mine rescue teams in the United States (U.S.). The following review provides a summary of potential issues that can be addressed by rescue teams and industry to improve potential exposures to rescue team members should a disaster situation occur. However, the continued trending in the mining industry toward non-exposure to potential hazards for rescue workers should continue to be the primary goal. To assist in continuing this trend, the mining industry and regulatory agencies have been more restrictive by requiring additional post disaster information regarding atmospheric conditions and other hazards before exposing rescue workers and others in the aftermath of a mine disaster. In light of some of the more recent mine rescuer fatalities such as the Crandall Canyon Mine and Jim Walters Resources in the past years, the direction of reducing exposure is preferred. This review provides a historical perspective on ensembles used during mine rescue operations and summarizes environmental hazards, critical elements of mine rescue ensembles, and key problems with these elements. This study also identifies domains for improved mine rescue ensembles. Furthermore, field observations from several coal mine rescue teams were added to provide the information on the currently used mine rescue ensembles in the U.S.

Evaluation of total oxidant and antioxidant status in localized and generalized vitiligo.

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disorder, and oxidative stress is suggested to have a major role in its aetiopathogenesis. AIM: To assess whether oxidative stress has a greater role in generalized than in localized vitiligo. METHODS: We assessed 31 patients with active vitiligo (17 localized, 14 generalized) and 38 healthy controls. Serum total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined. RESULTS: Patients with vitiligo had significantly lower TAS and higher TOS and OSI values than controls. Both localized and generalized vitiligo were associated with lower TAS and higher TOS and OSI values, compared with controls, and all three did not differ with vitiligo type. CONCLUSIONS: A systemic oxidative stress exists in patients with vitiligo. These results indicate that the global antioxidant capacity of patients might have been exhausted through a defence mechanism against oxidative processes. The imbalance in TOS/TAS status may have an important role in the aetiopathogenesis of vitiligo, regardless of the clinical variant of the disease.

Bladder stones around a migrated and missed intrauterine contraceptive device.

Bladder stones occasionally develop because of foreign bodies in the bladder. Bladder stones in a 30-year-old woman were found to have formed around an intrauterine contraceptive device that had gone missing many years previously and had migrated into the bladder. Plain abdominal radiograms should be a part of the evaluation in patients with a history of an unretrieved intrauterine contraceptive device.

Effect of long-term sitting on serum prostate-specific antigen levels.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term sitting on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. METHOD: The serum PSA levels of 50 bus drivers under the age of 45 (mean 37.7) years who worked at least 8 h a day for more than 3 weeks were compared with those of 50 healthy surgeons in similar age groups (mean 37.7 years) who spent most of their working time standing. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the mean PSA level of the study group (1.211 +/- 0.96 ng/ml) and that of the control group (1.214 +/- 0.74 ng/ml; p > 0.05). The PSA levels returned to normal after a 5-day resting period in cases who had higher values than the anticipated 2.5 ng/ml for this age group at the initial determination. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is no relationship between long-term sitting and serum PSA levels. A second PSA determination after a 5-day resting period may be helpful in cases with higher than normal initial values.

Penile fractures and our treatment policy.

To evaluate our diagnosis and treatment policy of penile fractures, we reviewed 13 cases treated between August 1992 and August 1995. In ten patients early surgical correction, in one patient an elective surgical intervention was carried out. Two patients with minimal haematoma were suggested to undergo conservative treatment, but only one of them came to the control examination and he complained of fixed induration, pain and mild deviation in erection. In the group of early surgical repair there was no complication. In a patient who had had a delayed procedure small induration and minimal deviation were found. In the light of these findings we think that in penile fractures early surgical repair produces the best results.